Analysis of SUOX gene variants and clinical features in a child with Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical features and genetic basis for a child with early-onset Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD).@*METHODS@#A child with ISOD who was admitted to Weihai Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University on May 10, 2020 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was analyzed. The child and her parents were subjected to trio-whole exome sequencing, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The female neonate was transferred to the intensive care unit due to "secondary pollution of amniotic fluid and laborious breathing for 11 minutes", and had developed frequent convulsions. Genetic testing revealed that she has harbored c.1200C>G and c.188G>A compound heterozygous variants of the SUOX gene, which were inherited from her mother and father, respectively. The c.1200C>G has been described previously and was rated as pathogenic based on guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, whilst the c.188G>A variant was unreported previously and rated as variant of unknown significance.@*CONCLUSION@#The compound heterozygous variants of the SUOX gene probably underlay the ISOD in this child. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of SUOX gene variants and provided a basis for the clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Cuantificación de aminoácidos en plasma empleando Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia / Plasma amino acid quantification using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Las aminoacidopatías son errores innatos del metabolismo intermediario de los aminoácidos. Su confirmación diagnóstica y seguimiento se realiza con la cuantificación de aminoácidos libres en fluidos biológicos por técnicas como la cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC), para lo que es necesario comparar con valores de referencia normales. La población colombiana no cuenta con estos valores disponibles y el diagnóstico es realizado por comparación con los de otras poblaciones. En el presente trabajo se obtuvieron valores de referencia de aminoácidos en plasma en una población de niños (n=36) y adultos no afectados (n=17), mediante HPLC por derivatización postcolumna con ninhidrina. Los valores de referencia obtenidos fueron ligeramente más elevados que los informados para otras poblaciones y permitieron la identificación de doce casos de aminoacidopatías, incluyendo fenilcetonuria clásica, hiperfenilalaninemia, hiperglicinemia no cetósica, desórdenes del ciclo de la urea, tirosinemia. La implementación de la cuantificación de aminoácidos por HPLC y la obtención de los valores de referencia de aminoácidos en plasma permitirán aumentar el conocimiento sobre la incidencia de las aminoacidopatías en el país para garantizar, junto con otros factores, su diagnóstico preciso y oportuno y la implementación de un adecuado seguimiento nutricional.

Aminoacidopathies are inborn errors of the amino acid intermediary metabolism. The benchmark method used for their diagnosis and monitoring is the quanti!cation of free amino acids in biological fluids using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), which needs to be compared against normal reference values. However, those amino acid reference values are not available for the Colombian population and the diagnosis is usually made using values from American or European populations. In this work, plasma amino acid reference values in non-affected children (n=36) and adults (n=17) were established, using an HPLC method with a postcolumn derivatization with ninhidrine. Plasma amino acid reference values in a Colombian population were slightly higher compared with those reported for other populations, and enabled the identification of twelve aminoacidopathies including urea cycle disorders, phenylketonuria, hyperphenylalaninemia, nonketotichyperglycinemia, hepatorrenaltyrosinemia and maple syrup urine disease. The implementation of amino acid cuantification by HPLC and the construction of plasma amino acid reference values is very useful for a suitable and precise diagnosis of amino acid disorders, the implementation of proper nutritional treatments, and an increased knowledge of aminoacidopathy incidence in Colombia.

Neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia.

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia has variable phenotypic expressions and a poor prognosis. We report a case of severe neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia, who started convulsing immediately after birth. His glycine index was 0.38 and he did not respond to treatment with sodium benzoate and dextromethorphan. Hypotonia, transient hyperammonemia and metabolic acidosis were associated findings.

Acidemia metil malónica, símil síndrome estafilocóccico de la piel escaldada / Methyl malonic academia like staphyloccocal scalded skin syndrome

La Acidemia Metilmalónica es un trastorno metabólico, caracterizado por un adecuado metabolismo de los aminoácidos esenciales. Las manifestaciones cutáneas en esta entidad son poco frecuentes en relación a otras aminoacidopatías. Presentamos la ocurrencia de lesiones cutáneas semejantes al Síndrome Estafilicocóccico de la Piel Escaldada en un neonato de 13 días de vida con diagnóstico de acidemia metilmalónica que fueron tratadas con antibióticos sin respuesta clínica, observándose la resolución de las mismas al ser compensado su cuadro metabólico

Retrospective study of patients with suspected inborn errors of metabolism at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (1997-2001).

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective clinical study was carried out on patients with suspected inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) at Siriraj Hospital during 1997-2001. The authors investigated 114 patients by quantitative plasma amino acid analysis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to collect and analyze epidemiologic and specific clinical data of IEM, especially in small-molecule diseases. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All patients were categorized into 2 major groups. 1) positive diagnoses for IEM 2) negative diagnoses for IEM. The two groups were investigated, studied including statistical analysis. RESULTS: The authors found that most IEM ascertained through plasma amino acid analysis were small-molecule diseases (74.3%) and amino acid disorders consisted of the most frequent disorders. The presented data demonstrated that the ratio of positive diagnoses to all patients studied was 1:8. Epidemiological data showed there were more male than female patients. Onset of diseases occurred predominantly during the first month of age, and was rarely found after 3 years of age. There were histories of consanguinity in half of the IEM patients. The most common presenting symptom was acute metabolic encephalopathy and specific signs for small-molecule disorders included hepatomegaly, unusual urine odor, acidosis, hyperammonemia, alteration of consciousness, and ketosis/ketonuria. These signs or symptoms indicated further metabolic investigations. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the data from Thailand with other countries showed both similarities and differences to the Caucasian population. Thus, further studies in IEM are much needed for the Thai population.

Newborn screening--is it really that simple?

The incorporation of tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) into an existing newborn screening program is an evolving process. Limited worldwide experience has ensured that all stages of reliability testing need to be followed. These include a literature review to establish methodology and analytes/disorders for testing and a pilot screening project including assaying archival samples from subjects with proven target disorders. Algorithms used for analyte concentrations and the relationships of various analytes to one another for resample criteria need to be continually reassessed to maximise screening specificity, sensitivity and positive predictive value. Since 1st of April 1998, the NSW Newborn Screening Program has screened 320, 848 babies using electrospray MSMS for selected amino acids and acyl camitines. Screening for amino acids has led to requests for 415 repeat samples with 94 babies referred for further testing. Of these 73 had a disorder of amino acid metabolism, including 43 with persistent hyperphenylalaninemia (36 of whom had PKU, 2 had a pterin pathway defect, 5 HPAA). Screening for acyl carnitines has led to requests for 245 repeat samples with 63 babies referred for further investigation. Of these 44 had a diagnosed disorder, including 15 with medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Five babies with confirmed disorders detectable with MS/MS had negative test results. The cost of screening using MSMS was only $A0.50 more than the method for screening for PKU and homocystinuria alone (ie the bacterial inhibition assays) and has allowed detection of an additional 74 babies at least 48 of whom have a diagnosis for which early treatment seems clearly beneficial. MSMS has shown a sensitivity of 95.9% and specificity of 99.8% in our laboratory with a positive predictive value of 18%.

Tirosinemia tipo I: reporte de un caso / Tyrosinaemia type 1: a clinical case report

La tirosinemia I es una enfermedad metaból ica de herencia recesiva, causada por la diferencia de la enzima terminal de la vía de degradación de la tirosina,llamada fumarilacetoacetato hidrolasa. Compromete principalmente el hígado, sistema nervioso central y riñones. Objetivo: Dada la baja frecuencia de tirosinemia tipo I en nuestro medio, consideramos importante su revisióna raíz de un caso clínico, para optimizar la sospecha diagnóstica frente a la presentaciónclínica y de laboratorio, e iniciar así su tratamiento en forma precoz, mejorando el pronóstico. Caso clínico: reportamos un lactante de 1 mes 11 días, que ingresó al Hospital Padre Hurtado, con el diagnóstico de síndrome febril sin foco, acompañado de vómitos y distensión abdominal. Al ingreso destacó hematuria macroscópica y masa palpable en fosa renal izquierda. Se realizó ecografía abdominal destacando nefrocalcinosis y nefromegalia bilateral y exámenes de laboratorio que muestran hipercalciuria, hipercalcemia, hipofosfemia, hipoalbuminemia, trnasaminasas, LDH y fosfatasas alcalinas elevadas, bilirrubian con leve aumento de predominio directo, reabsorcióntubular de fosfato disminuida, PTH normal, radiografías con signos de raquitismo, cultivos negativos. El paciente evolucionó con distensión abdominal, evidenciandose ascitis moderada en una nueva ecografía abdominal. En el perfil hepático completo destacó protombina 10 por ciento, TTPK de 112 segundos. Ante la fuerte sospecha de Tirosinemia se solicitan alfa feto proteínas que muestran valor muy elevado y aminoacidemia anormal compatible con el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La revisión de la literatura en relación a esta patología plantea su amplia gama de presentación clínica y las nuevas opciones de tratamiento que han mejorado el pronóstico de estos pacientes, cuales disponemos en nuestro país y fueron aplicadas en este paciente

Diagnóstico y seguimiento de 23 niños con acidurias orgánicas / Diagnosis and follow up of 23 children with organic acidurias

Background: Propionic aciduria (PA) and Methymalonic aciduria (MMA) result from an inherited abnormality of the enzymes propionyl CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase respectively. This produces marked increases in the amino acids methionine, threonine, valine and isoleucine (MTVI). Their clinical presentation can be neonatal or late onset forms. Aim: To report 23 children with organic acidurias. Material and methods: Twenty three cases of organic acidurias diagnosed since 1980 (17 PA and 6 MMA) and followed at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, are reported. Results: The average age of diagnosis was 3.9 days for the neonatal form and 8.3 months for the late onset form. The most frequent symptoms were hypotonia, lethargy and vomiting. Neonatal PA had mean ammonemias of 1089ñ678.3 µg/dl. The figure for MMA was 933ñ801.9 µg/dl. Seven children were dialyzed and 30 percent died. 16 children are followed and 81.2 percent have normal weight for age. Seven children required gastrostomy because of anorexia and failure to thrive. The nutritional treatment is based on natural and artificial proteins without MTVI, with periodical controls, amino acid and ammonia quantification. Some patients were submitted to enzyme assays and molecular studies. Conclusions: An early diagnosis and a very strict follow up allows a normal development of children with organic aciduras. There is a relationship between prognosis and the presentation form, the nutritional status and the emergency treatment during acute episodes. The importance of the enzymatic and molecular studies is emphasized because they facilitate treatment, accurate diagnosis and allow an adequate genetic counseling

Selective screening of phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia and maple syrup urine diease in southern Iran

Inborn errors of amino-acids metabolism and other inherited Mendelian disorders are common in the Middle East. The number of diagnosed inborn errors of amino acid metabolism is growing constantly on account of and availability and improved of analytical techniques. The aim of this work was to determine a rough estimate of the incidence rates of phenylketonuria [PKU], tyrosinemia, and maple syrup urine disease [MSUD] in Fars Province, South of Iran. Using a high performance liquid chromatography, 1044 patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of PKU, tyrosinemia and MSUD were investigated between 1996 and 2001, for the presence of the disorders. Of 1044 patients, 43 cases [4.1%] with PKU, 15 [1.4%] with tyrosinemia and 6 [0.6%] with MSUD were diagnosed. The incidence rates of PKU, tyrosinemia and MSUD were found to be 27.2, 9.4, and 4.7 per 100,000 births, respectively. The incidence rates of PKU, tyrosinemia and MSUD in our region is higher than the rates reported from Europe presumably because of the relatively higher rates of consanguinity

Diagnóstico tardio da hiperglicinemia näo-cetótica: relato de dois casos neonatais / Late diagnosis of nonketotic hyperglycinemia: report of two neonatal cases

A hiperglicemia näo-cetótica é uma doença genética, de herança autossômica recessiva, que causa distúrbios graves em recém-nascidos, podem levar à morte. Níveis aumentados de glicina no cérebro produzem lesäo neurológica irreversível. O diagnóstico clínico é confirmado por cromatografia líquida (HPLC), comparando-se os níveis de glicina em plasma e líquido cefalorraquidiano - uma relaçäo LCR/plasma maior do que 0,09 fecha o diagnóstico. O presente estudo relata dois casos de hiperglicemia neonatal com quadro clínico e evoluçäo neurológica semelhantes. Nos dois casos, os sintomas começaram nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, e näo havia antecedentes familiares, pré-natais ou perinatais. Os dois recém-nascidos apresentaram boas condiçöes ao nascimento. Além disso, em ambos os casos, o daignóstico laboratorial (HPLC) foi bastante tardio: as amostras de sangue total e liquor foram colhidas 55§ e no 17§ dia, respectivamente. As concentraçöes de glicina em LCR e plasma, e a relaçäo LCR/plasma, foram (em mg/dl), para as crianças número 1 e número 2, repectivamente: 2,8 e 3,3 (R=0,85); 2,4 e 8 (r=0,3). Muito embora os recém-nascidos tenham permanecido em unidade de terapia intensiva e suporte ventilatório e tenham sido medicados com benzoato de sódio e diazepam, o diagnóstico tardio da hiperglicinemia acarretou lesöes neurológicas graves e irreversíveis nas duas crianças. No entanto, a importância do diagnóstico laboratorial para o aconselhamento genético dos dois casais é inquestionável

Automated, simplified GC/MS data processing system for organic acidemia screening and its application.

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is widely used in diagnosis of organic acidemias. However, GC/MS has not yet become a routine laboratory test, because of the complexity in interpretation of GC/MS data. We developed a personal computer-based system of automated metabolic profiling and disease detection for the screening of organic acidemias by GC/MS. The data were processed after the GC/MS analysis of urinary organic acids. In this system, 130 kinds of metabolites and 25 disorders of organic acids were enrolled for the search and detection, respectively. Metabolites were identified with methylene unit values (MU). target ions (Q- and C-ions) and their intensity ratios, and semiquantified by peak relative area (%) of the Q-ions to that of an internal standard. Metabolites whose values exceeded the cutoff of the control table were flagged as abnormal. The diseases or pathological condition were automatically evaluated by combination of the abnormal compounds. In this system, index metabolites were categorized into three groups. "AND, "OR" and "NO". The groups, "AND" and "OR" comprised essential and optional compounds, respectively, for the specific diagnosis. The third group, "NO", included compounds which must be absent to reach a diagnosis. We compiled data of MU values and mass spectrum of 130 kinds of index metabolites, and tested the usefulness of this system by analysis of 74 patients with 19 kinds of diseases. In all cases, at least a correct diagnosis could be found among the disease names outputted. We have successfully applied this to a pilot neonatal screening by GC/MS in our regional area, and acylglycine analysis by the stable isotope dilution method with tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization. With our system, many people can attend for screening programs using GC/MS.

Screening blood spots for argininosuccinase deficiency by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Argininosuccinase deficiency is relatively more common in Saudi Arabia than other urea cycle detects (UCD) and its presentation is usually acute and virtually identical to the clinical presentation of other UCD. We developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific screening method for the diagnosis of argininosuccinase deficiency from blood spots. using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. A 96-well microplate batch process is used for extraction of argininosuccinic acid (ASA), other amino acids and acylcarnitines (Rashed et al. 1995). ASA and other metabolites are derivatized to the corresponding butyl derivatives. The tris-butyl ester of ASA (MH = 459.3) yields two major fragments at m/z 70 and m/z 144 under mild collision induced collision. montitored in the product ion spectrum using a narrow mass range (65-150 kDa). A processing algorithm "CAMPA" is used to automatically calculate the height ratios of selected masses and flags data files as "abnormal" when certain threshold is exceeded. The method is integrated with our existing 2-minute MS/MS method for profiling amino acids and acylcarnitines (Rashed et al. 1997). Using this approach for two years we diagnosed 16 ALD cases from 14 hyperammonemic infants, one high-risk newborn, and one from a regular newborn screening blood spot.

Detection of inherited metabolic disorders via tandem mass spectrometry in Thai infants.

From a retrospective study in Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University in Bangkok (1983-1988), the estimated pediatric patients with clinically suspected IEM are approximately 2-4% of total annual pediatrics admission of 5,000 or more. This is, a low estimation since survey from all teaching hospitals in the country including the largest Children's Hospital in Bangkok indicated the presence of numerous IEM. However, most IEM were clinically diagnosed with limited laboratory facilities. We started a collaboration with Magee Womens Hospital of Pittsburgh and NeoGen Screening, USA; using tandem mass spectrometry to diagnose high risk infants and children for IEM from July 1993 to March 1998. Of total 146 samples sent, we detected numerous metabolic disorders (11.2%) eg phenylketonuria, organic acidemia, maple syrup urine disease, isovaleric acidemia, methylmalonic acidemia, albinism, translocase/carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II, G6PD deficiency and lysinuric protein intolerance.

Plasma amino acid and urine organic acid analyses of methylmalonic acidemia in a Thai infant.

Methylmalonic acidemia is an inborn error of organic acid metabolism resulting from defects in methylmalonyl CoA mutase. Analysis of plasma free amino acids in a 15-month-old Thai infant by HPLC showed marked elevation of glycine. HPLC analysis of urinary organic acids showed high levels of methylmalonic acid.

Acidúria glutárica tipo 1: variabilidade fenotípica. Estudo de seis pacientes / Glutaric aciduria type 1: phenotypic variability. Report of 6 patients

Estudamos seis pacientes com acidúria glutárica tipo I, em quatro famílias. Observamos variaçoes intensas na apresentaçao clínica, mesmo entre elementos da mesma família. Três pacientes evoluiram sem alteraçoes até o início das anomalias neurológicas, que se manifestaram como encefalite-símile, no primeiro ano de vida. Uma criança apresentou atraso precoce do desenvolvimento, sem episódios agudos de descompensaçao. Dois pacientes nao têm alteraçao cognitiva; um deles apresenta leve tremor associado a quadro coreoatetóide desde o primeiro ano de vida, enquanto o outro teve apenas duas crises convulsivas afebris quando lactente. Três crianças apresentam distonia como sequela, nao sendo capazes de sentar ou firmar a cabeça. Os seis pacientes apresentam macrocrania e a neles tomografia computadorizada de crânio demonstra aumento dos espaços liquóricos em regioes fronto-temporais. O estudo dos ácidos orgânicos urinários dos pacientes demonstra elevaçao dos níveis do ácido glutárico.